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History of the Italy: The Etruscans | La Storia della Cultura Italiana: Gli Etruschi

Written by Janine C. Funk / Scritto da Janine C. Funk 

Article edited by Mirella. For simplicity we used passato prossimo instead of passato remoto

The History of Italian Culture / La Storia della Cultura Italiana

Part 1: The Etruscans / Capitolo I: Gli Etruschi

When you think of Italy, you probably think of Rome, the ancient heart of the Classical world and the center of one of history’s most esteemed empires. With 7.3 million international visitors in 2017, the city remains a top tourist destination and cultural landmark. But before the Colosseum and the Forum, before the Pantheon and the Arch of Constantine, when Rome was just a small collection of pastoral settlements whose names have been long lost to history, Italy belonged to the Etruscans.

Quando pensi all’Italia, pensi probabilmente a Roma, il cuore antico del mondo Classico ed il centro di uno degli imperi più stimati della storia. Con 7,3 milioni di turisti internazionali nel 2017, la città rimane una destinazione superlativa e una pietra miliare della cultura. Però, prima del Colosseo e del Foro, prima del Pantheon e del Arco di Constantino, quando Roma era solo un piccolo gruppo di cittadine pastorali i cui nomi si perdono nella storia, l’Italia ha appartenuto agli Etruschi.

la Chimera d’Arezzo, ca. 375-350 a.C., Firenze, Museo dell’Archaeologia

The Etruscans were a group of indigenous peoples that inhabited the area of central Italy between the Arno river, which passes through Florence and Pisa, and the Tiber river, which flows through Rome, from at least the eleventh to the first century B.C.E. . Their political and cultural influence, however, reached far beyond the borders of Etruria – today, accounting for parts of Tuscany, Lazio and Umbria – across both space and time. Due to their significant impact on the development of modern Italian culture, including the adoption and adaptation of the Greek alphabet, mythology and art, the Etruscans are considered to be “… the most important of the indigenous peoples of pre-Roman Italy…”

Gli etruschi erano un gruppo di persone indigene che abitavano l’area dell’Italia centrale tra il fiume Arno, che attraversa Firenze e Pisa, e il fiume Tevere, che attraversa Roma, almeno dall’undicesimo secolo al primo secolo a.C. Però, l’influenza politica e culturale degli Etruschi si estendeva lontana oltre i confini di Etruria – oggi, include parte della Toscana, del Lazio e dell’Umbria – attraversando spazio e tempo. A causa del loro significativo impatto sull’evoluzione della cultura Italiana moderna, compresa l’adozione e la modificazione dell’alfabeto, della mitologia e dell’arte dei greci, gli etruschi sono considerati “…la più importante popolazione indigena dell’Italia prima dei romani…”

The Etruscans are particularly famous for their artistic achievements. Beginning in the late eighth century B.C.E., Etruscan art was heavily influenced by their Aegean and Levantine trading partners, which introduced new materials, techniques, and iconography such as “…the human figure, real and fantastic beasts (especially the lion), and vegetal and geometric motifs…” It is during this era, referred to as the Orientalizing period (late 8th – early 6th centuries B.C.E.), that the art forms for which the Etruscans are most celebrated – bronze work, pottery, sculpture, and wall paintings – emerged.

In particolare, gli etruschi sono famosi per le loro realizzazioni artistiche. Iniziando nell’ottavo secolo a.C., l’arte etrusca è stata molto influenzata dai loro compagni di commercio Egei e Levantini, che hanno introdotto nuovi materiali, nuove tecniche, e nuove iconografie come “…la figura umana, le bestie reali e fantastiche (specialmente il leone), e motivi vegetali e geometrici…”. Durante quest’epoca, che si chiama il periodo dell’Orientalizzazione (dalla fine dell’ottavo secolo fino all’inizio del sesto secolo a.C.), sono nate le forme di arte per cui gli Etruschi sono più celebri: la bronzistica, la ceramica, la scultura, e l’imbiancatura.

Thanks to rich local metal deposits, and contact with traders from Greece and the eastern Mediterranean, Etruscan production of bronze goods flourished. Even in antiquity, northern Etruscan cities were well known for their abilities to shape bronze into beautifully engraved hand-held mirrors, which were often decorated with scenes from Greek mythology, and votive statuettes, which were presented as offerings at sanctuaries and other sacred sites. However, it was not until the Classical period (c. 480-300 B.C.E.) that large-scale hollow-cast masterpieces – including perhaps the most famous Etruscan bronze, the Chimera of Arezzo (c. 375-350 B.C.E., Florence, Museum of Archaeology) – appeared. The curious elongated bronze figures of Volterra, including the Evening Shadow (c. 2nd century B.C.E., Volterra, Museo Etrusco Guarnacci), also began appearing during this era; these abstract votives would later inspire the early Italian tradition of board-like statuettes.

Grazie a depositi ricchi di metallo e il contatto con i mercanti della Grecia e del Mediterraneo orientale, la produzione delle merci di bronzo prosperava. In antichità, le città etrusche del nord erano famose per le loro abilità di plasmare bellissimi specchi incisi che ornavano spesso con scene della mitologia greca, e le statuine votive che offrivano ai santuari e ad altri luoghi sacri. Comunque, capolavori più grandi – come il bronzo etrusco più famoso, la Chimera d’Arezzo (c. 375-350 a.C., Firenze, Museo dell’Archaeologia) – non sono apparsi prima del periodo Classico (c. 480-300 a.C.). Durante quest’era, le curiose statuette allungate di Volterra, come l’Ombra della Sera (c. 200 a.C., Volterra, Museo Etrusco Guarnacci), hanno iniziato anche ad apparire; queste votive astratte hanno in seguito ispirato una tradizione italiana delle statuette schiacciate.

L’Ombra della Sera, ca. 200 a.C., Volterra, Museo Etrusco Guarnacci

Bucchero, or “grey ware”, was developed in Ceveteri, as early as 675 B.C.E., and exported as far as Iberia and the Levant. This pottery was esteemed for its glossy dark grey to black finish, caused by the oxidation of the clay’s reddish ferric oxide while in the kiln. The forms that bucchero took are believed to have been inspired by both Greek pottery styles and contemporary metalwork, especially bronze. In addition to commonplace items like bowls, cups and jugs, bucchero was also shaped into cleverly designed vessels resembling animals, such as the cockerel of Viterbo. Most bucchero vessels were not decorated, but those that were embellished were incised or embossed with simple lines, geometeric patterns, motifs, and scenes from Greek mythology; some bucchero, in imitation of metalwork, were covered with gold or silver leaf, or with a thin layer of tin.

Bucchero si è sviluppato a Ceveteri circa 675 a.C., ed esportato fuori dell’Italia, alla penisola Iberica, al levante, e altre aree dell’Europa. Questa ceramica era pregiata per la sua lucida finitura nera, causata dell’ossidazione del rosso ossido ferrico nell’argilla. Le forme del bucchero s’ispiravano alle ceramice greche e ai metalli contemporanei, specialmente i bronzi. In aggiunta agli articoli usuali come le ciotole, le calici e le caraffe, bucchero veniva plasmato in recipienti ingegnosi che assomigliavano ad animali, come il galletto di Viterbo. La maggior parte del bucchero non è decorato, ma alcuni recipienti sono decorati con solchi semplici, disegni geometrichi, motivi, e scene di mitologia greca. Altri recipienti sono coperti con fogliame d’oro, di argento, o di latta per imitare i metalli.

Bucchero, Ceveteri, ca. 675 a.C

The Etruscans used sculpture primarily for funerary or religious purposes, including sarcophagi, ash urns and votive offerings made from terracotta, local stone such as alabaster, limestone, sandstone and tufa, and bronze. Beginning in the seventh century B.C.E., large stone and terracotta figures began appearing in tombs as either representations of tomb guardians, like those in the Tomb of Five Chairs in Cerveteri (c. 625-600 B.C.E.), or replacements for the bodies of the deceased, as seen in terracotta and bronze urns in Chiusi. Some painted terracottas, such as the Sarcophagus of the Spouses (c. 525-500 B.C.E., Rome, Villa Giulia Museum), offer some insight into the nature of everyday Etruscan life, as well as funerary rituals. The Sarcophagus of Spouses, which depicts a married couple reclining on a banqueting couch, once brightly coloured, suggests that Etruscan women were regarded with more significance than their Greek counterparts. In addition, the wineskin cushions upon which the couple lounges may be a reference to the sharing of wine, an important aspect of Etruscan funerary ritual; the woman also appears to be pouring something, perhaps perfume, into her husband’s palm, alluding to the offering of perfume, another essential element of the Etruscan funeral.

Gli etruschi usavano principalmente le sculture per scopi funerari o religiosi come i sarcofaghi, le urne e le offerte votive di terracotta, di pietra locale come alabastro, calcare, arenaria e tufo, e bronzo. Dal 700 a.C., grandi figure di pietra e terracotta cominiciavano ad apparire nelle tombe in veste di rappresentazioni dei guardiani delle tombe, come quelle nella Tomba di Cinque Sedie a Cerveteri (c. 625-600 a.C.), o come sostituzioni dei corpi dei defunti, come le urne di terracotta e bronzo a Chiusi. Qualche terracotta dipinta, come il Sarcofago degli Sposi (c. 525-500 a.C., Roma, Museo Villa Giulia), offre alcuni scorci della natura della vita ordinaria degli etruschi, e anche dei riti funerari. Il Sarcofago degli Sposi raffigura una coppia sposata su un divano banchetto, che suggerisce che le donne etrusche avevano maggiore importanza delle donne greche. Inoltre i cuscini [WINESKIN] sono probabilmente un riferimento alla condivisione di vino, che era un aspetto importante dei riti funerare. La donna sembra versare qualcosa, forse profumo, sul palmo della mano del marito; quest’azione allude all’offerta dei profumi, che era un’altra parte essenziale dei funerali etruschi.

Sarcofago degli Sposi, ca. 525-500 a.C., Roma, Museo Villa Giulia

Many of the best examples of Etruscan painting were discovered in cemeteries, or necropoli, such as Monterozzi, near Tarquinia in Lazio, where huge works, depicting scenes of aristocratic life in Etruria, cover the interior walls of rock-cut chamber-tombs. One such tableau, found in the Tomb of the Lionesses in Monterozzi (c. 560 B.C.E.), illustrates a banquet, with dancers and musicians, and finely dressed nobles attended by naked servants. A second Monterozzi tomb painting, found in the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing (c. 510 B.C.E.), depicts a man hunting birds with what appears to be a slingshot, and a boat of fishermen casting a net. The murals of Monterozzi, along with a few other major centers, account for the largest surviving collection of wall paintings in the ancient world, outside of Egypt, Pompeii and Herculaneum.

Molti buoni esempi delle imbiancature etrusche sono state scoperte a necropoli, come Monterozzi vicino a Tarquinia nel Lazi, dove grandi imbiancature coprono le pareti delle tombe e mostrano scene della vita aristocratica in Etruria. Per esempio, un’imbiancatura nella Tomba delle Leonesse a Monterozzi (c. 560 a.C.) raffigura un banchetto con i ballerini, i musicisti, e i servi nudi che assistano gli aristocratichi. Una seconda imbiancatura a Monterozzi, nella Tomba della Caccia e della Pesca (c. 510 a.C.), raffigura un uomo che caccia gli uccelli con una fionda, e una barca con pescatori che gettano una rete. I murali di Monterozzi insieme a pochi altri centri importanti, sono considerati la  più grande collezione di delle imbiancature del mondo antico fuori dall’Egitto, di Pompeii, e di Erculano.

Tomba delle Leonesse a Monterozzi, ca. 560 a.C.

When the Romans conquered the Etruscans in the late third century B.C.E., much of their culture disappeared as Etruscan nobles discarded their traditions for those of the dominant Greco-Roman society. However, the Etruscans also had a significant impact on Roman culture, as seen in the Roman adoption of Etruscan art, dress, music, and language. Today, the Etruscans survive in more than just museum collections; they survive in the artistic and cultural developments of their successors, and in the modern language that we know as Italian.

Quando i romani hanno conquistato gli etruschi nell’terzo secolo a.C., la maggior parte della loro cultura è morta,  perché gli etruschi aristocratichi  hanno abbandonato le loro tradizioni in favore di quelle della società greco-romana. Però, gli etruschi hanno avuto un’impatto significativo sulla cultura dei romani, che hanno adottato l’arte, i costumi, la musica e la lingua degli etruschi. Oggi, gli etruschi sono sopravvissuti non solo nelle collezioni dei musei; ma sono sopravvissuti negli sviluppi artistichi e culturali dei loro successori, e nella lingua moderna che conosciamo come la lingua italiana.


About the author:

Janine studies anthropology and history at university. She has a passion for the culture and the history of Italy, and she likes to share what she learns. He has been studying Italian with Mirella for several years. Some day she hopes to become a curator in a big museum in Europe, perhaps in beautiful Italy.

Janine studia antropologia e storia all’universita’. Ha una passione per la cultura e la storia d’Italia, e le piace condividere quello che impara. Studia l’Italiano con Mirella da parecchi anni. Qualche giorno spera diventare una curatrice in un museo grande in Europa, forse nella bella Italia.


 

il Giornalino Natalizio, a Christmas Journal!

Mirella Colalillo, 22 dicembre 2015

 

È Natale!

Tempo di torroni, lucine allegre e riposo ben meritato.

Magicamente eccovi anche il Giornalino Natalizio, un arricchimento divertente della lingua e cultura italiana anche durante le feste.

Ci troverai racconti, quiz, indovinelli, proverbi e altro, da gustare un po’ alla volta o tutto d’un fiato.

Puoi sfogliarne le pagine in compagnia o in solitudine, sorseggiando una cioccolata calda o un vin brulé.

Dopo un anno di impegni e di corse frenetiche è bello sedersi e respirare con in mano il Giornalino Natalizio e non pensare a nulla!

Scarica la tua copia qui

Buone Feste ♥ 

Mirella   giornalino   It’s Christmas!  

Time for nougats, merry lights, and much deserved rest.

Magically here is also il Giornalino Natalizio (the Little Christmas Journal), a fun enrichment of the Italian language and culture even during the holidays.

In it you will find stories, quizzes, riddles, proverbs and more to enjoy a bit at a time or all in one breath.

You can browse the pages in company or alone, sipping a hot chocolate or mulled wine.

After a year of commitments and frenetic races, it’s nice to sit and breathe holding il Giornalino Natalizio and not think about anything!

Download your copy here

Happy Holidays ♥

Mirella

 

Three Italian writers to discover

Tre autori italiani da scoprire

(English Follows)

Mi è giunta la notizia di tre racconti vagabondi quest’estate…per la precisione sono racconti scritti da tre autori italiani superlativi che hanno segnato la storia della letteratura italiana del XX secolo.

A questo punto ti starai chiedendo: “Ma chi saranno questi tre?” E va be’, te lo rivelo! Sono Natalia Ginzburg, Gianni Rodari e Italo Svevo. Tre autori diversi tra di loro sia per genere letterario che per stile di scrittura.

Scopri alcune chicche su di loro facendo questo quiz:

Quanto conosci questi 3 autori italiani?

Pronti? Via!

 

«Andrà lontano? Farà fortuna? Raddrizzerà tutte le cose storte di questo mondo? Noi non lo sappiamo, perché egli sta ancora marciando con il coraggio e la decisione del primo giorno. Possiamo solo augurargli, di tutto cuore: – Buon viaggio!»

(Gianni Rodari, Il giovane gambero, da “Favole al telefono”)

Alla salute e alla lettura!

Mirella

“La bella al davanzale” 1971 | “Chi mi guarda?” 1972 Gianni Rodari

The news of three wandering short stories has come to my attention… to be exact they are stories written by three outstanding Italian authors that have marked the history of Italian literature of the twentieth century.

At this point you must be wondering: “Who are these three?” OK, I’ll reveal them! They are Natalia Ginzburg, Gianni Rodari and Italo Svevo. Three authors that differ both for literary genre and for writing style.

Check out some goodies about them by doing this quiz:

 How much do you know these three authors?

Inizia il quiz!

 

“Will he go far? Will he be lucky? Straighten all the wrongs of this world? We do not know, because he is still marching with the courage and the determination of the first day. We can only wish him, with all our heart: – Have a good trip! ” (Gianni Rodari, The young shrimp, from “Fables on the phone”)

To health and reading!

Mirella

Il Quizino – the Italian grammar video quiz | Past Participle #1

by Mirella Colalillo on January 23, 2015
 
 
Ho buone notizie! Come ti avevo accennato poco tempo fa, mi diverte molto creare animazioni e ho quindi deciso di unire l’utile al dilettevole.
 
Allora ecco “Il Quizino” (la “z” ha un suono forte), una serie di animazioni di grammatica italiana che sicuramente non ti faranno sbadigliare mentre impari la lingua, ma al contrario, ti divertirai anche studiando cose complicate.
 
In questo primo video metterai alla prova le tue conoscenze verbali e precisamente il participio passato di tre verbi irregolari.
 
Dopo il quiz fai pratica creando delle frasi e non dimenticarti di condividerle nei commenti!
 
La prossima settimana arriverà il secondo video!
 
Buona visione e felice studio!
 
Mirella

I have good news! As I mentioned recently, I really enjoy creating animations, so I decided to combine business with pleasure.
 
Here’s “Il Quizino” (the z” has a strong sound), a series of animated quizzes of Italian grammar that definitely will not make you yawn while you learn the language, but on the contrary, you’ll have fun also studying complicated things.
 
In this first video you will test your verb skills and precisely the past participle of three irregular verbs.
 
After the quiz practice making sentences and don’t forget to share them in the comments.
 
Next week the second video!
 
Enjoy the video and happy studies!
 
Mirella
 

Auguri speciali with my Italian animated videos

by Mirella Colalillo, December 19, 2014

 

(English Follows)

Il tempo vola! Sono tornata in Italia all’inizio di ottobre e il Bel Paese mi ha regalato il clima invernale più mite che avrei mai potuto sognare. In puro stile italiano ho mangiato, appena raccolti dall’orto di mio padre, tanta frutta e verdura, ho fatto viaggi a Roma, Torino e in magici paesini sconosciuti. Ho anche contemplato le nuvole durante i temporali e dopo il funerale del mio caro zio, un promemoria per apprezzare ogni momento, e amare sempre al massimo.


In tempi come questi la mia creatività raggiunge il picco, quindi sono molto felice di presentarti il mio canale YouTube dove creerò animazioni in 2D e 3D, una delle mie passioni, in combinazione con la lingua italiana. Spero che ti piaceranno!


Il mio primo video è un semplice Augurio Natalizio per ringraziarti del tuo appoggio e per augurarti tutta la felicità che meriti. Credo che a qualsiasi età e ovunque ci troviamo nella vita, i sogni possono diventare realtà!


Con Affetto,
Mirella

 

Il tempo vola! Time flies…I’ve been back in Italy since the beginning of October and il Bel Paese has gifted me with the mildest winter weather I could dream of. In pure Italian style I’ve been eating, fresh from my Dad’s vegetable garden, orto, lots of vegetables and fruits, enjoyed trips to Roma, Torino and to magical unknown towns. I have also been contemplating the clouds during rain storms, and after the funeral of my dear uncle, a reminder to appreciate every moment, and to always love to the fullest.


In times like these my creativity peaks so I’m very happy to present to you my YouTube channel, where I’ll be creating animations in 2D and 3D, one of my passions, in combination with teaching Italian. I hope you enjoy them!


My first video is a simple Holiday Greeting to thank you for your support and to wish you all the happiness you deserve. I believe that at any age and anywhere you are in life, dreams can come true!


With Love,
Mirella

 

~~~

From LA BELLA LINGUA to MONA LISA

                               by Dianne Hales on August 25, 2014

In this guest post Dianne Hales, author of “La Bella Lingua”, tells us how her new book about La Bella Mona Lisa came to life. At the end of the post you can challenge your knowledge of Mona Lisa with a little quiz that Dianne and I have created for you.


“Earlier Version” and the Louvre Mona Lisa – courtesy of the Mona Lisa Foundation

Her name seduced me. The first time that I heard “Mona (Madame) Lisa Gherardini del Giocondo”— many years after I first beheld Leonardo’s portrait in the Louvre — I repeated the syllables out loud to listen to their Italian sounds. Immediately I felt a surge of curiosity about the woman everyone recognizes but hardly anyone knows.

After falling—happily, gladly, giddily—in love with Italian many years ago, I became just as enamored with the life and times of a true Fiorentina, a daughter of the Renaissance, a merchant’s wife, a loving mother, an artist’s muse and, in her husband’s words, “a noble spirit.” Somehow it seemed only natural to go from a passion for la bella lingua to a quest for una bella donna.

On the trail of Lisa’s story, I followed facts wherever I could find them. I sought the help of authoritative experts in an array of fields, from art to history to sociology to women’s studies. I delved into archives and read through a veritable library of scholarly articles and texts. And I relied on a reporter’s most timeless and trustworthy tool: shoe leather. In the course of extended visits over several years, I walked the streets and neighborhoods of Mona Lisa’s Florence, explored its museums and monuments and came to know—and love—its skies and seasons.

Mona Lisa, I discovered, was a quintessential woman of her times, caught in a whirl of political upheavals, family dramas, and public scandals. Descended from ancient nobles, she was born and baptized in Florence in 1479. Wed to a truculent businessman twice her age, she gave birth to six children and died at age sixty-three in 1542.

Mona Lisa’s life spanned the most tumultuous chapters in the history of Florence, decades of war, rebellion, invasion, siege — and of the greatest artistic outpouring the world has ever seen. Her story creates an extraordinary tapestry of daily life in a vibrant city bursting into fullest bloom.

Five centuries after Mona Lisa Gherardini’s death, the world remains eager to learn more about her. Amazon.com chose my book, Mona Lisa: A Life Discovered, published by Simon & Schuster, as one of the “best books of the month” for history and for biography and memoirs. BBC read episodes on the radio for its “Book of the Week” program. CNN and USA Today selected it as one of their “hottest reads” of the summer. Reviewers have praised it as “entertaining,” “enthralling,” “vivid and accessible” and “lyrical.” BRIDES magazine included it on its list of “10 most-read books for your honeymoon.” “Anyone who loves Italy and art—and who doesn’t?—will adore this book,” predicts Frances Mayes, author of Under the Tuscan Sun.

I hope that all of you who love Italian will enjoy this new journey of discovery!

Dianne Hales

monalisaDianne Hales is a prize-winning, widely published journalist and the author of MONA LISA: A Life Discovered. In recognition of her previous book, La Bella Lingua: My Love Affair with Italian, the World’s Most Enchanting Language, as “an invaluable tool for promoting the Italian language,” the President of Italy conferred on Dianne the highest honor its government can bestow on a foreigner, the title of Cavaliere dell’ Ordine della Stella della Solidarietà Italiana (Knight of the Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity.)
You can follow her prize-winning blog on Italy’s language and culture at www.becomingitalianwordbyword.typepad.com and new blog on discovering Mona Lisa at www.monalisabook.com

 

 

QUIZ:

10 Facts You May Not Have Known about Mona Lisa

Pronti? Via!

 


Join the ITALIANO ALLA MANO club for weekly study plans, learning materials and tips:

La Festa del Papà

Chi lavora con le sue mani è un lavoratore.
Chi lavora con le sue mani e la sua testa è un artigiano.
Chi lavora con le sue mani e la sua testa ed il suo cuore è un artista.
~ San Francesco D’Assisi

He who works with his hands is a laborer.
He who works with his hands and his head is a craftsman.
He who works with his hands and his head and his heart is an artist.
~ St. Francis of Assisi

Buona festa del Papà to my father, a hard worker, a craftsman and an artist.

March 19 is St. Joseph (San Giuseppe) in Italy where it is celebrated as Father’s Day because San Giuseppe was un uomo e padre fantastico! A man that talked little and worked a lot, respected women, escaped oppression, followed his dreams, and provided for his childrens’ future.

In the painting Felice Giani humanizes the religious theme of the Holy Family where St. Joseph in his carpenting shop lovingly fills a jug of wine from a large barrel. In the background you can see his work table on which lay his working tools.

San Giuseppe is a role model. A man who interprets the messages of his dreams and puts them into action. He first marries his girlfriend who is pregnant of a child that is not his own, sheltering them from contempt and a merciless punishment. He then carries out his second dream. He emigrates to a foreign land to escape the rule of a tyrant, and thus saves the future of his child. At last, after having rasied and taught his son a job, he realizes that at twelve years of age he is capable of dealing with the alleged wise men of the country. At this point his tasks are complete and he retires to the sidelines without honors or rewards. With a father like that no wonder (non cè da meravigliarsi) Gesus became a hero!

It may also be that San Giuseppe taught him the importance of languages and communication which I’m sure came in very handy as the saviour (il salvatore).

When my father emigrated to Canada he actually learned how to speak English fairly well compared to his brothers, setting an example for his children about the importance of learning and improving.

And talking about hard work…I know that when it comes to languages lots of work is required including tongue-twisters (scioglilingua), a useful tool to improve pronunciation and fluency. So here’s a popular Italian tongue-twister…at two different speeds.

How fast can you say it without stumbling?

Sopra la panca la capra campa,
sotto la panca la capra crepa.

Speed 1

Speed 2

________________________

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