History of the Italy: The Etruscans | La Storia della Cultura Italiana: Gli Etruschi

Written by Janine C. Funk / Scritto da Janine C. Funk 

Article edited by Mirella. For simplicity we used passato prossimo instead of passato remoto

The History of Italian Culture / La Storia della Cultura Italiana

Part 1: The Etruscans / Capitolo I: Gli Etruschi

When you think of Italy, you probably think of Rome, the ancient heart of the Classical world and the center of one of history’s most esteemed empires. With 7.3 million international visitors in 2017, the city remains a top tourist destination and cultural landmark. But before the Colosseum and the Forum, before the Pantheon and the Arch of Constantine, when Rome was just a small collection of pastoral settlements whose names have been long lost to history, Italy belonged to the Etruscans.

Quando pensi all’Italia, pensi probabilmente a Roma, il cuore antico del mondo Classico ed il centro di uno degli imperi più stimati della storia. Con 7,3 milioni di turisti internazionali nel 2017, la città rimane una destinazione superlativa e una pietra miliare della cultura. Però, prima del Colosseo e del Foro, prima del Pantheon e del Arco di Constantino, quando Roma era solo un piccolo gruppo di cittadine pastorali i cui nomi si perdono nella storia, l’Italia ha appartenuto agli Etruschi.

la Chimera d’Arezzo, ca. 375-350 a.C., Firenze, Museo dell’Archaeologia

The Etruscans were a group of indigenous peoples that inhabited the area of central Italy between the Arno river, which passes through Florence and Pisa, and the Tiber river, which flows through Rome, from at least the eleventh to the first century B.C.E. . Their political and cultural influence, however, reached far beyond the borders of Etruria – today, accounting for parts of Tuscany, Lazio and Umbria – across both space and time. Due to their significant impact on the development of modern Italian culture, including the adoption and adaptation of the Greek alphabet, mythology and art, the Etruscans are considered to be “… the most important of the indigenous peoples of pre-Roman Italy…”

Gli etruschi erano un gruppo di persone indigene che abitavano l’area dell’Italia centrale tra il fiume Arno, che attraversa Firenze e Pisa, e il fiume Tevere, che attraversa Roma, almeno dall’undicesimo secolo al primo secolo a.C. Però, l’influenza politica e culturale degli Etruschi si estendeva lontana oltre i confini di Etruria – oggi, include parte della Toscana, del Lazio e dell’Umbria – attraversando spazio e tempo. A causa del loro significativo impatto sull’evoluzione della cultura Italiana moderna, compresa l’adozione e la modificazione dell’alfabeto, della mitologia e dell’arte dei greci, gli etruschi sono considerati “…la più importante popolazione indigena dell’Italia prima dei romani…”

The Etruscans are particularly famous for their artistic achievements. Beginning in the late eighth century B.C.E., Etruscan art was heavily influenced by their Aegean and Levantine trading partners, which introduced new materials, techniques, and iconography such as “…the human figure, real and fantastic beasts (especially the lion), and vegetal and geometric motifs…” It is during this era, referred to as the Orientalizing period (late 8th – early 6th centuries B.C.E.), that the art forms for which the Etruscans are most celebrated – bronze work, pottery, sculpture, and wall paintings – emerged.

In particolare, gli etruschi sono famosi per le loro realizzazioni artistiche. Iniziando nell’ottavo secolo a.C., l’arte etrusca è stata molto influenzata dai loro compagni di commercio Egei e Levantini, che hanno introdotto nuovi materiali, nuove tecniche, e nuove iconografie come “…la figura umana, le bestie reali e fantastiche (specialmente il leone), e motivi vegetali e geometrici…”. Durante quest’epoca, che si chiama il periodo dell’Orientalizzazione (dalla fine dell’ottavo secolo fino all’inizio del sesto secolo a.C.), sono nate le forme di arte per cui gli Etruschi sono più celebri: la bronzistica, la ceramica, la scultura, e l’imbiancatura.

Thanks to rich local metal deposits, and contact with traders from Greece and the eastern Mediterranean, Etruscan production of bronze goods flourished. Even in antiquity, northern Etruscan cities were well known for their abilities to shape bronze into beautifully engraved hand-held mirrors, which were often decorated with scenes from Greek mythology, and votive statuettes, which were presented as offerings at sanctuaries and other sacred sites. However, it was not until the Classical period (c. 480-300 B.C.E.) that large-scale hollow-cast masterpieces – including perhaps the most famous Etruscan bronze, the Chimera of Arezzo (c. 375-350 B.C.E., Florence, Museum of Archaeology) – appeared. The curious elongated bronze figures of Volterra, including the Evening Shadow (c. 2nd century B.C.E., Volterra, Museo Etrusco Guarnacci), also began appearing during this era; these abstract votives would later inspire the early Italian tradition of board-like statuettes.

Grazie a depositi ricchi di metallo e il contatto con i mercanti della Grecia e del Mediterraneo orientale, la produzione delle merci di bronzo prosperava. In antichità, le città etrusche del nord erano famose per le loro abilità di plasmare bellissimi specchi incisi che ornavano spesso con scene della mitologia greca, e le statuine votive che offrivano ai santuari e ad altri luoghi sacri. Comunque, capolavori più grandi – come il bronzo etrusco più famoso, la Chimera d’Arezzo (c. 375-350 a.C., Firenze, Museo dell’Archaeologia) – non sono apparsi prima del periodo Classico (c. 480-300 a.C.). Durante quest’era, le curiose statuette allungate di Volterra, come l’Ombra della Sera (c. 200 a.C., Volterra, Museo Etrusco Guarnacci), hanno iniziato anche ad apparire; queste votive astratte hanno in seguito ispirato una tradizione italiana delle statuette schiacciate.

L’Ombra della Sera, ca. 200 a.C., Volterra, Museo Etrusco Guarnacci

Bucchero, or “grey ware”, was developed in Ceveteri, as early as 675 B.C.E., and exported as far as Iberia and the Levant. This pottery was esteemed for its glossy dark grey to black finish, caused by the oxidation of the clay’s reddish ferric oxide while in the kiln. The forms that bucchero took are believed to have been inspired by both Greek pottery styles and contemporary metalwork, especially bronze. In addition to commonplace items like bowls, cups and jugs, bucchero was also shaped into cleverly designed vessels resembling animals, such as the cockerel of Viterbo. Most bucchero vessels were not decorated, but those that were embellished were incised or embossed with simple lines, geometeric patterns, motifs, and scenes from Greek mythology; some bucchero, in imitation of metalwork, were covered with gold or silver leaf, or with a thin layer of tin.

Bucchero si è sviluppato a Ceveteri circa 675 a.C., ed esportato fuori dell’Italia, alla penisola Iberica, al levante, e altre aree dell’Europa. Questa ceramica era pregiata per la sua lucida finitura nera, causata dell’ossidazione del rosso ossido ferrico nell’argilla. Le forme del bucchero s’ispiravano alle ceramice greche e ai metalli contemporanei, specialmente i bronzi. In aggiunta agli articoli usuali come le ciotole, le calici e le caraffe, bucchero veniva plasmato in recipienti ingegnosi che assomigliavano ad animali, come il galletto di Viterbo. La maggior parte del bucchero non è decorato, ma alcuni recipienti sono decorati con solchi semplici, disegni geometrichi, motivi, e scene di mitologia greca. Altri recipienti sono coperti con fogliame d’oro, di argento, o di latta per imitare i metalli.

Bucchero, Ceveteri, ca. 675 a.C

The Etruscans used sculpture primarily for funerary or religious purposes, including sarcophagi, ash urns and votive offerings made from terracotta, local stone such as alabaster, limestone, sandstone and tufa, and bronze. Beginning in the seventh century B.C.E., large stone and terracotta figures began appearing in tombs as either representations of tomb guardians, like those in the Tomb of Five Chairs in Cerveteri (c. 625-600 B.C.E.), or replacements for the bodies of the deceased, as seen in terracotta and bronze urns in Chiusi. Some painted terracottas, such as the Sarcophagus of the Spouses (c. 525-500 B.C.E., Rome, Villa Giulia Museum), offer some insight into the nature of everyday Etruscan life, as well as funerary rituals. The Sarcophagus of Spouses, which depicts a married couple reclining on a banqueting couch, once brightly coloured, suggests that Etruscan women were regarded with more significance than their Greek counterparts. In addition, the wineskin cushions upon which the couple lounges may be a reference to the sharing of wine, an important aspect of Etruscan funerary ritual; the woman also appears to be pouring something, perhaps perfume, into her husband’s palm, alluding to the offering of perfume, another essential element of the Etruscan funeral.

Gli etruschi usavano principalmente le sculture per scopi funerari o religiosi come i sarcofaghi, le urne e le offerte votive di terracotta, di pietra locale come alabastro, calcare, arenaria e tufo, e bronzo. Dal 700 a.C., grandi figure di pietra e terracotta cominiciavano ad apparire nelle tombe in veste di rappresentazioni dei guardiani delle tombe, come quelle nella Tomba di Cinque Sedie a Cerveteri (c. 625-600 a.C.), o come sostituzioni dei corpi dei defunti, come le urne di terracotta e bronzo a Chiusi. Qualche terracotta dipinta, come il Sarcofago degli Sposi (c. 525-500 a.C., Roma, Museo Villa Giulia), offre alcuni scorci della natura della vita ordinaria degli etruschi, e anche dei riti funerari. Il Sarcofago degli Sposi raffigura una coppia sposata su un divano banchetto, che suggerisce che le donne etrusche avevano maggiore importanza delle donne greche. Inoltre i cuscini [WINESKIN] sono probabilmente un riferimento alla condivisione di vino, che era un aspetto importante dei riti funerare. La donna sembra versare qualcosa, forse profumo, sul palmo della mano del marito; quest’azione allude all’offerta dei profumi, che era un’altra parte essenziale dei funerali etruschi.

Sarcofago degli Sposi, ca. 525-500 a.C., Roma, Museo Villa Giulia

Many of the best examples of Etruscan painting were discovered in cemeteries, or necropoli, such as Monterozzi, near Tarquinia in Lazio, where huge works, depicting scenes of aristocratic life in Etruria, cover the interior walls of rock-cut chamber-tombs. One such tableau, found in the Tomb of the Lionesses in Monterozzi (c. 560 B.C.E.), illustrates a banquet, with dancers and musicians, and finely dressed nobles attended by naked servants. A second Monterozzi tomb painting, found in the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing (c. 510 B.C.E.), depicts a man hunting birds with what appears to be a slingshot, and a boat of fishermen casting a net. The murals of Monterozzi, along with a few other major centers, account for the largest surviving collection of wall paintings in the ancient world, outside of Egypt, Pompeii and Herculaneum.

Molti buoni esempi delle imbiancature etrusche sono state scoperte a necropoli, come Monterozzi vicino a Tarquinia nel Lazi, dove grandi imbiancature coprono le pareti delle tombe e mostrano scene della vita aristocratica in Etruria. Per esempio, un’imbiancatura nella Tomba delle Leonesse a Monterozzi (c. 560 a.C.) raffigura un banchetto con i ballerini, i musicisti, e i servi nudi che assistano gli aristocratichi. Una seconda imbiancatura a Monterozzi, nella Tomba della Caccia e della Pesca (c. 510 a.C.), raffigura un uomo che caccia gli uccelli con una fionda, e una barca con pescatori che gettano una rete. I murali di Monterozzi insieme a pochi altri centri importanti, sono considerati la  più grande collezione di delle imbiancature del mondo antico fuori dall’Egitto, di Pompeii, e di Erculano.

Tomba delle Leonesse a Monterozzi, ca. 560 a.C.

When the Romans conquered the Etruscans in the late third century B.C.E., much of their culture disappeared as Etruscan nobles discarded their traditions for those of the dominant Greco-Roman society. However, the Etruscans also had a significant impact on Roman culture, as seen in the Roman adoption of Etruscan art, dress, music, and language. Today, the Etruscans survive in more than just museum collections; they survive in the artistic and cultural developments of their successors, and in the modern language that we know as Italian.

Quando i romani hanno conquistato gli etruschi nell’terzo secolo a.C., la maggior parte della loro cultura è morta,  perché gli etruschi aristocratichi  hanno abbandonato le loro tradizioni in favore di quelle della società greco-romana. Però, gli etruschi hanno avuto un’impatto significativo sulla cultura dei romani, che hanno adottato l’arte, i costumi, la musica e la lingua degli etruschi. Oggi, gli etruschi sono sopravvissuti non solo nelle collezioni dei musei; ma sono sopravvissuti negli sviluppi artistichi e culturali dei loro successori, e nella lingua moderna che conosciamo come la lingua italiana.


About the author:

Janine studies anthropology and history at university. She has a passion for the culture and the history of Italy, and she likes to share what she learns. He has been studying Italian with Mirella for several years. Some day she hopes to become a curator in a big museum in Europe, perhaps in beautiful Italy.

Janine studia antropologia e storia all’universita’. Ha una passione per la cultura e la storia d’Italia, e le piace condividere quello che impara. Studia l’Italiano con Mirella da parecchi anni. Qualche giorno spera diventare una curatrice in un museo grande in Europa, forse nella bella Italia.


 

Auguri speciali with my Italian animated videos

by Mirella Colalillo, December 19, 2014

 

(English Follows)

Il tempo vola! Sono tornata in Italia all’inizio di ottobre e il Bel Paese mi ha regalato il clima invernale più mite che avrei mai potuto sognare. In puro stile italiano ho mangiato, appena raccolti dall’orto di mio padre, tanta frutta e verdura, ho fatto viaggi a Roma, Torino e in magici paesini sconosciuti. Ho anche contemplato le nuvole durante i temporali e dopo il funerale del mio caro zio, un promemoria per apprezzare ogni momento, e amare sempre al massimo.


In tempi come questi la mia creatività raggiunge il picco, quindi sono molto felice di presentarti il mio canale YouTube dove creerò animazioni in 2D e 3D, una delle mie passioni, in combinazione con la lingua italiana. Spero che ti piaceranno!


Il mio primo video è un semplice Augurio Natalizio per ringraziarti del tuo appoggio e per augurarti tutta la felicità che meriti. Credo che a qualsiasi età e ovunque ci troviamo nella vita, i sogni possono diventare realtà!


Con Affetto,
Mirella

 

Il tempo vola! Time flies…I’ve been back in Italy since the beginning of October and il Bel Paese has gifted me with the mildest winter weather I could dream of. In pure Italian style I’ve been eating, fresh from my Dad’s vegetable garden, orto, lots of vegetables and fruits, enjoyed trips to Roma, Torino and to magical unknown towns. I have also been contemplating the clouds during rain storms, and after the funeral of my dear uncle, a reminder to appreciate every moment, and to always love to the fullest.


In times like these my creativity peaks so I’m very happy to present to you my YouTube channel, where I’ll be creating animations in 2D and 3D, one of my passions, in combination with teaching Italian. I hope you enjoy them!


My first video is a simple Holiday Greeting to thank you for your support and to wish you all the happiness you deserve. I believe that at any age and anywhere you are in life, dreams can come true!


With Love,
Mirella

 

~~~

La Festa del Papà

Chi lavora con le sue mani è un lavoratore.
Chi lavora con le sue mani e la sua testa è un artigiano.
Chi lavora con le sue mani e la sua testa ed il suo cuore è un artista.
~ San Francesco D’Assisi

He who works with his hands is a laborer.
He who works with his hands and his head is a craftsman.
He who works with his hands and his head and his heart is an artist.
~ St. Francis of Assisi

Buona festa del Papà to my father, a hard worker, a craftsman and an artist.

March 19 is St. Joseph (San Giuseppe) in Italy where it is celebrated as Father’s Day because San Giuseppe was un uomo e padre fantastico! A man that talked little and worked a lot, respected women, escaped oppression, followed his dreams, and provided for his childrens’ future.

In the painting Felice Giani humanizes the religious theme of the Holy Family where St. Joseph in his carpenting shop lovingly fills a jug of wine from a large barrel. In the background you can see his work table on which lay his working tools.

San Giuseppe is a role model. A man who interprets the messages of his dreams and puts them into action. He first marries his girlfriend who is pregnant of a child that is not his own, sheltering them from contempt and a merciless punishment. He then carries out his second dream. He emigrates to a foreign land to escape the rule of a tyrant, and thus saves the future of his child. At last, after having rasied and taught his son a job, he realizes that at twelve years of age he is capable of dealing with the alleged wise men of the country. At this point his tasks are complete and he retires to the sidelines without honors or rewards. With a father like that no wonder (non cè da meravigliarsi) Gesus became a hero!

It may also be that San Giuseppe taught him the importance of languages and communication which I’m sure came in very handy as the saviour (il salvatore).

When my father emigrated to Canada he actually learned how to speak English fairly well compared to his brothers, setting an example for his children about the importance of learning and improving.

And talking about hard work…I know that when it comes to languages lots of work is required including tongue-twisters (scioglilingua), a useful tool to improve pronunciation and fluency. So here’s a popular Italian tongue-twister…at two different speeds.

How fast can you say it without stumbling?

Sopra la panca la capra campa,
sotto la panca la capra crepa.

Speed 1

Speed 2

________________________

Michelangelo’s Visual Grocery List

How to communicate if you don’t speak or read a language? Draw it! (disegnalo) Michelangelo, of course, knew that well. It was actually a common practice in the old days to hand-draw (disegnare a mano) items for the illiterate, such as Michelangelo’s servant in this case.

I was still living in Florence when I embarked in an adventure to retrace Michelangelo’s steps while I was reading “The Agony and the Ecstasy” by Irving Stone. I learned much about il Grande Genio; that he was a humble and poor man (un uomo umile e povero), who only obtained wealth in his later years and that paper was a necessity but also a luxury (una necessità ma anche un lusso) for him; therefore, it would never go wasted. He would save and recycle scraps of paper to draw and write on. He would also destroy his sketches (i suoi schizzi) as he only wanted his polished works to be seen. I don’t think he would be happy to know that his grocery list has now gone viral on the internet! He had un caratteraccio, a temper, that’s for sure! But that is what made him great.

Casa Buonarroti in Florence, an important museum, often overlooked by tourists, is where this document is archived. It was my final emotional stop. It’s the house he built and died in after revolutionizing the world for 88 years!

Here are the 15 grocery items written in 16th century Florentine:pani dua (two loaves of bread)
un bochal di vino (a bottle of wine)
una aringa (a herring;a line like that over a letter or word stands in for an unwritten “n” or “m”)
tortegli (tortelli)

una salama (a salame)
quattro pani (four loaves of bread)
un bochal di tondo (a bottle of tondo, or full ‘rotund’ wine)
e un quartuccio di bruscho (a quarter of rough wine)
un piattello di spinaci (a plate of spinach)
quattro alice (four anchovies)
tortelli (tortelli)

sei pani (six loaves of bread)
due minestre di finocchio (two fennel soups)
una aringa (a herring)
un bochal di tondo (a bottle of tondo).

I find illustrations or drawing the vocabulary myself very useful to be able to memorize it better.

Are you a visual learner like me?